Understanding Addiction
Learn about substance use disorders, the science behind addiction, and evidence-based treatment approaches
What is Addiction?
Addiction, clinically known as substance use disorder (SUD), is a chronic medical condition characterized by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), addiction is a complex brain disorder that affects judgment, decision-making, learning, memory, and behavior control.
Key Facts About Addiction
- Addiction is a medical disease, not a moral failing or lack of willpower
- It affects brain chemistry and structure, making it difficult to quit without help
- Genetic, environmental, and developmental factors all play a role
- Treatment works — recovery is possible with appropriate care
- Relapse is common and should be viewed as part of the recovery process
How Addiction Develops
The Brain's Reward System
Drugs and alcohol affect the brain's reward circuit, flooding it with dopamine — a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and motivation. Over time:
- Tolerance develops — requiring more of the substance to achieve the same effect
- Dependence forms — the brain adapts to the substance's presence
- Withdrawal occurs — unpleasant symptoms when substance use stops
- Compulsion sets in — intense cravings override rational decision-making
Risk Factors
No single factor determines whether someone will develop addiction. Common risk factors include:
Biological Factors
- • Genetic predisposition (40-60% heritable)
- • Family history of addiction
- • Mental health disorders
- • Early exposure to substances
Environmental Factors
- • Childhood trauma or abuse
- • Peer pressure
- • Stress and lack of coping skills
- • Easy access to substances
Common Substances
Alcohol
The most commonly used addictive substance in Canada. Approximately 20% of Canadiansexceed low-risk drinking guidelines (CCSA). Alcohol withdrawal can be life-threatening and requires medical supervision.
Opioids
Includes prescription painkillers (oxycodone, fentanyl) and illegal drugs (heroin). The opioid crisis has claimed thousands of Canadian lives. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) with methadone or buprenorphine is highly effective.
Cannabis
While legal in Canada, cannabis can still lead to dependence, especially with early or heavy use. Approximately 9% of users develop cannabis use disorder.
Stimulants
Includes cocaine, methamphetamine, and prescription stimulants (Adderall, Ritalin). These drugs increase energy and alertness but can cause severe psychological dependence.
Benzodiazepines
Prescription anti-anxiety medications (Xanax, Valium, Ativan) that can be highly addictive. Withdrawal can be dangerous and requires medical supervision.
Signs and Symptoms of Addiction
Warning Signs
Physical Signs:
- • Changes in sleep or appetite
- • Deterioration in physical appearance
- • Unusual smells or odors
- • Slurred speech or coordination problems
Behavioral Signs:
- • Neglecting responsibilities
- • Isolation from friends and family
- • Financial problems
- • Continued use despite consequences
Treatment Approaches
Evidence-Based Treatments
According to SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), effective treatment addresses the whole person:
Medical Detoxification
Supervised withdrawal management to safely remove substances from the body while managing withdrawal symptoms.
Behavioral Therapies
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), motivational interviewing, and contingency management help change thinking patterns and behaviors.
Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)
FDA-approved medications (methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone) combined with counseling for opioid and alcohol use disorders.
Peer Support
12-step programs (AA, NA), SMART Recovery, and other peer support groups provide community and accountability.
Recovery is Possible
Research from NIDA shows that with appropriate treatment and ongoing support, people can and do recover from addiction. Recovery is a long-term process that often requires multiple episodes of treatment. Key factors for success include:
- Comprehensive treatment addressing physical, mental, and social needs
- Adequate duration — at least 90 days for best outcomes
- Continuing care and aftercare support
- Family involvement and strong social support
- Treatment of co-occurring mental health disorders
- Life skills development and healthy coping strategies
Ready to Start Your Recovery Journey?
Professional help is available. Call our 24/7 helpline to speak with an addiction specialist and find treatment options near you.
Call +1 514 249 8289Additional Resources
- NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse): nida.nih.gov
- SAMHSA National Helpline: 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
- CCSA (Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction): ccsa.ca
- CAMH (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health): camh.ca